PUBLISHED PAPERS #08.03
| Abdurahman Vagifli. Comparison of DCT and DWT-Based Invisible Watermarking Techniques |
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| Abstract. This paper investigates the effectiveness of Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) and Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) for invisible watermarking in digital images. The study compares their embedding quality using Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), Mean Squared Error (MSE), and Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM), and evaluates their robustness against common attacks, including Gaussian noise, Gaussian blur, and JPEG compression. Experimental results indicate that DCT achieves significantly higher image quality retention, whereas DWT exhibits better resilience to distortions. However, both methods struggle with robustness against strong attacks. These findings suggest that while DCT is preferable for quality preservation, DWT may be more suitable for applications requiring resilience to distortions. A hybrid approach combining both methods may offer a balanced solution. |
| Keywords: Digital watermarking, Discrete Cosine Transform, Discrete Wavelet Transform, robustness, image quality |
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| DOI: https://doi.org/10.30546/MaCoSEP2025.1108 |